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Refugees have experienced many extremely stressful events because of political or religious oppression, war, migration, and resettlement. It is difficult to even define all of the types of events they have suffered, because refugee trauma often precedes the primary war-related event that causes them to flee. Historically, a standard assessment of refugee trauma has been a 17-item section on the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ),1 which assessed whether or not the particular event was experienced personally, or whether the refugee witnessed or heard about such trauma. While this has been a useful research tool, it is clear that the breadth and depth of trauma for refugees is far greater than 17 events. For example, in more recent work, sixty-seven Vietnamese and Kurdish refugees endorsed 612 war-related traumatic events on in-depth interviews during development of the Comprehensive Trauma Inventory-104 (CTI-104).2
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